2005/2006 | Small TLEF | Joanne Nakonechny | Science | eTLC: On-line Resources for Teaching Large Classes | Year 1 | 36818 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2003/2004 | Small TLEF | Ellen Rosenberg | Science | Biology 240 Laboratory | Year 1 | 50000 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2002/2003 | Small TLEF | John Gilbert | UBC Health | Health Together 2002 | Year 1 | 10000 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2001/2002 | Small TLEF | Bernard MacLeod | Medicine | The Development, Evaluation and Implementation of a Web-Based System for Generating Clinical Trials Protocols | Year 1 | 15000 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2020/2021 | Small TLEF | Bob Woollard | Medicine | Indigenous Healing, Sustainability and Public Health: Transformational Learning for UBC Students | Year 1 | 19761 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2000/2001 | Small TLEF | Benita Bunjun | VP Students | Leadership Program, Applied Skills and Strategies for UBC Students | Year 1 | 10200 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2007/2008 | Small TLEF | Michelle Suderman | VP Students | ASSIST 2007: Academic Success: Summer International Students Transition Program | Year 1 | 74892 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2022/2023 | Small TLEF | Simon Lolliot | Arts | Active learning in passive environments: Creating open interactive formative assessment opportunities to enhance student learning | Year 1 | 28461 | Active | | | 2023/2024 | Small TLEF | Simon Lolliot | Year 2 | 14231 | | | | | | | |
2023/2024 | Large TLEF | Leyton Schnellert | Education | Rural and Remote Teacher Education Program: An innovative hybrid approach | Year 1 | 99547 | Active | | | 2024/2025 | Large TLEF | Leyton Schnellert | Year 2 | 95074 | | | | | | | |
2024/2025 | Small TLEF | David Gaertner | Arts | City Poems: Transformative Learning through Locative Poetry | Year 1 | 49254 | Active | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2016/2017 | Large TLEF | Pamela Kalas | Science | Blended learning to enhance an undergraduate Biology laboratory course | Year 1 | 97922 | Completed | 2017-TLEF-Final-Kalas-WEB1.pdf | | 2017/2018 | Large TLEF | Pamela Kalas | Year 2 | 94577 | | | | | | | |
2017/2018 | Small TLEF | George Tsiakos | Allard School of Law | Promoting Academic Honesty and Avoiding Plagiarism in Legal Writing | Year 1 | 31634 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2015/2016 | Small TLEF | Christine D'Onofrio | Arts | Introduction to Digital Arts into the Digital Realm - Online Peer Critique | Year 1 | 29190 | Completed | 2016-Donofrio-Final-WEB1.pdf | | 2016/2017 | Small TLEF | Christine D'Onofrio | Year 2 | 14049 | | | | | | | |
2013/2014 | Large TLEF | Doug Bonn | Science | Using Student-Produced Learning content for Physics 100 and Physics 101 | Year 1 | 38153 | Completed | Report-2013-FL-Bonn-WEB.pdf | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2013/2014 | Small TLEF | Douglas Justice | Applied Science | Trees for Vancouver | Year 1 | 2683 | Completed | 14-007-TLEF-Justice-Final-WEB.pdf | | 2014/2015 | Small TLEF | Douglas Justice | Year 2 | 2800 | | | | | | | |
2013/2014 | Small TLEF | Benjamin Richardson | Allard School of Law | Global Environmental and Resources Law Externship Program | Year 1 | 14850 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2012/2013 | Small TLEF | Karen Gardner | Dentistry | Fostering Differentiated Instruction and Learning in DENT via Construction and Implementation of Online Mini-Modules | Year 1 | 22933 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2012/2013 | Small TLEF | Andrew Scales | Other... | A Global Campus: Tandem Language Learning at UBC | Year 1 | 12576 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2019/2020 | Small TLEF | Stephanie Ewen | Forestry | Forestry Soils Skills and Field Navigation Enhancement | Year 1 | 16000 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2011/2012 | Small TLEF | Karim Khan | Education | The HKIN Online Project: Moving exercise medicine education from "chalk and talk" to the digital age | Year 1 | 38000 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2010/2011 | Small TLEF | Peter Englezos | Applied Science | Using Video PODcasts to integrate conceptual knowledge and laboratory practice | Year 1 | 22800 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2010/2011 | Small TLEF | Jennifer Duis | Science | Informing Laboratory Curriculum Enhancement through the Examination of the Laboratory Skill Expectations of Employers of Chemistry Bachelor's Students | Year 1 | 7000 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2009/2010 | Small TLEF | Maja Krzic | Land & Food Systems | Virtual Laboratory Modules for Soil Science | Year 1 | 38400 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2008/2009 | Small TLEF | Jeffrey Ludemann | Medicine | Interactive Computerized Educational Modules on Choking in Children for Health Professional Students | Year 1 | 2600 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2006/2007 | Small TLEF | James D. Berger | Science | BIOL200 – Integrated Presentation and Assessment Material for Basic Cell Biology | Year 1 | 19275 | Completed | | | 2007/2008 | Small TLEF | James D. Berger | Year 2 | 20000 | | | | | | | |
2004/2005 | Small TLEF | Kay Teschke | Graduate Studies | Health, Science, Engineering and Public Policy | Year 1 | 32500 | Completed | | | 2006/2007 | Small TLEF | Kay Teschke | Year 2 | 31500 | | | | | | | |
2004/2005 | Small TLEF | Francis Ouellette | Other... | Applied Workshops in Bioinformatics – Introducing Bioinformatics into Undergraduate Education at UBC | Year 1 | 20000 | Completed | | | 2005/2006 | Small TLEF | Joanne Fox | Year 2 | 17775 | | | | | | | |
2002/2003 | Small TLEF | Angela Towle | UBC Health | Cross-cultural Communication for Health Professional Students | Year 1 | 50000 | Completed | | | 2004/2005 | Small TLEF | Angela Towle | Year 2 | 35000 | | | | | | | |
2005/2006 | Small TLEF | Brian Sullivan | VP Students | Where’s the one-stop shop at UBC? Partnering to ensure academic success for our first and second year undergraduates | Year 1 | 116380 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2004/2005 | Small TLEF | Gary Poole | VP Academic | Meeting the Need for Growth: Continued Expansion of Activities and Partnerships for TAG | Year 1 | 468085 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2000/2001 | Small TLEF | Michael Isaacson | Applied Science | MyUBC | Year 1 | 125000 | Completed | | | 2001/2002 | Small TLEF | Michael Isaacson | Year 2 | 75000 | | | | | | | |
2020/2021 | Small TLEF | Tal Jarus | Medicine | Engaging Indigenous communities in health professions educational programs at UBC | Year 1 | 26650 | Completed | | | 2021/2022 | Small TLEF | Tal Jarus | Year 2 | 23500 | | | | | | | |
2003/2004 | Small TLEF | Peter Granger | Medicine | Community Health Initiative by University Students (CHIUS) | Year 1 | 59910 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
1999/2000 | Small TLEF | Robert Woollard | Medicine | Undergraduate Rural Practice Network Project | Year 1 | 23600 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2022/2023 | Small TLEF | Kshamta Hunter | Education | Embedding Climate Education in Teacher Education Courses through a Novel Framework of Climate Kind Pedagogy | Year 1 | 29978 | Active | | | 2023/2024 | Small TLEF | Kshamta Hunter | Year 2 | 19950 | | | | | | | |
2023/2024 | Small TLEF | Samuel Beswick | Allard School of Law | Opening Up Tort Law Courses | Year 1 | 23891 | Active | | | 2024/2025 | Small TLEF | Samuel Beswick | Year 2 | 16109 | | | | | | | |
2024/2025 | Small TLEF | Bianca Eskelson | Forestry | FVS-BC Exercises for Forest Resources Management and Conservation | Year 1 | 26692 | Active | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2017/2018 | Small TLEF | Richard Arias Hernandez | Arts | Evidenced-Based Evaluation Framework for Community-Based Experiential Learning Projects for the Bachelor of Media Studies | Year 1 | 4800 | Completed | 2018-TLEF-Final-Hernandez-WEB.pdf | | 2018/2019 | Small TLEF | Richard Arias Hernandez | Year 2 | 10000 | | | | | | | |
2017/2018 | Small TLEF | Karen Dahri | Pharmaceutical Sciences | Virtual Patients – Bridging the Gap Between the Classroom and Clinical Pharmacy Practice | Year 1 | 10636 | Completed | 2018-TLEF-Final-Dahri-WEB.pdf | | 2018/2019 | Small TLEF | Karen Dahri | Year 2 | 12892 | | | | | | | |
2016/2017 | Small TLEF | Kayli Johnson | Science | Development of an electronic Chemistry Integrated Resource Package for CHEM 123 | Year 1 | 39116 | Completed | 2016-TLEF-Final-Johnson-WEB.pdf | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2015/2016 | Small TLEF | Tor Aamodt | Applied Science | Enhancing Education of Computer Systems with Flipped Lectures and Interactive Laboratories | Year 1 | 29562 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2013/2014 | Large TLEF | Noboru Yonemitsu | Applied Science | Civil Engineering lab safety videos | Year 1 | 66135 | Completed | Report-2013-FL-Yonemitsu-WEB.pdf | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2013/2014 | Large TLEF | Arun Verma | Pharmaceutical Sciences | Flipped Classroom Model for PHAR498 | Year 1 | 5992 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2018/2019 | Small TLEF | Jillian Reardon | Pharmaceutical Sciences | Developing pharmacy student’s clinical documentation skills using online modules | Year 1 | 12160 | Completed | 2019-TLEF-Final-Reardon-WEB.pdf | | 2019/2020 | Small TLEF | Jillian Reardon | Year 2 | 3760 | | | | | | | |
2013/2014 | Small TLEF | Kiran Mahal | VP Students | Improving Student Assessment at UBC through Resource Development and Innovation | Year 1 | 73000 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2012/2013 | Small TLEF | Paul Cubbon | Sauder School of Business | Decoding Social Media: Theory and Practice | Year 1 | 8382 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2019/2020 | Small TLEF | Suzanne Campbell | Applied Science | Interprofessional Lactation Module for the Health Sciences - IP Lactation | Year 1 | 47079 | Completed | 2019-TLEF-Final-Report-Campbell-WEB.pdf | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2019/2020 | Small TLEF | Hendrik Blok | Arts | Experiential Learning in Game Theory: Axelrod's Tournament | Year 1 | 24000 | Completed | 2020-TLEF-Final-Report-Graves-WEB.pdf | | 2020/2021 | Small TLEF | Jonathan Graves | Year 2 | 15000 | | | | | | | |
2011/2012 | Small TLEF | Eric Mazzi | Applied Science | Development of Concept Inventories and Vista-based Course Modules in Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer for the Master of Engineering in Clean Energy Engineering Program | Year 1 | 14600 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2010/2011 | Small TLEF | Karim Khan | Education | Delivering and Evaluating Student-Focussed, Faculty-Facilitated Videos to Prevent Injuries and Improve Health | Year 1 | 85200 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2009/2010 | Small TLEF | Sue Murphy | Medicine | Innovative model for student learning in a community program for people with chronic conditions | Year 1 | 41837 | Completed | | | 2010/2011 | Small TLEF | Sue Murphy | Year 2 | 42700 | | | | | | | |
2008/2009 | Small TLEF | Sathish Gopalakrishnan | Applied Science | Hands-on Training in Distributed, Embedded and Real-time Systems Engineering | Year 1 | 23700 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2007/2008 | Small TLEF | Barbara Boyle | Applied Science | An Interactive Web based Matrix to Support the Knowledge Translation of Professional Standards, Scope of Practice Guidelines and Clinical Competencies for Nursing | Year 1 | 35000 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2006/2007 | Small TLEF | Christine Boyle | Allard School of Law | Legal Education: Curriculum Reform Implementation | Year 1 | 19226 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2004/2005 | Small TLEF | Robert Gardiner | Arts | Theatre and Film Production Curriculum Development at the Great Northern Way Campus | Year 1 | 49200 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2005/2006 | Small TLEF | Justin Bonzo | Medicine | Virtual Learning Community Project | Year 1 | 44314 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2003/2004 | Small TLEF | Justin M. Bonzo | UBC Health | Health Disciplines’ Computerized Patient and Case Simulation Project | Year 1 | 49381 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2002/2003 | Small TLEF | Michael Isaacson | Applied Science | Supporting Faculty and Student Engagement in Teaching and Learning Technology | Year 1 | 126762 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2001/2002 | Small TLEF | Karen Meyer | Education | The Urban Learner | Year 1 | 20000 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2020/2021 | Small TLEF | Jan Hare | Education | Innovating Indigenous Education Coursework in Teacher Education Through Mini-Learning Modules and Relational Approaches | Year 1 | 27284 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2000/2001 | Small TLEF | Lesley Bainbridge | UBC Health | Informed Shared Decison Making for Health Professionals: A Model for Interdisciplinary Collaboration to Enhance Student Learning and Health Care | Year 1 | 15000 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2010/2011 | Small TLEF | Karen Rolston | Other... | Instructional Skills for International Teaching Assistants (ITA) | Year 1 | 66000 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2022/2023 | Small TLEF | Jenna Usprech | Applied Science | Building Competence in Environmental Sustainability and Safety in Engineering Design Courses | Year 1 | 27023 | Active | | | 2023/2024 | Small TLEF | Jenna Usprech | Year 2 | 18498 | | | | | | | |
2022/2023 | Small TLEF | Cinda Heeren | Science | Implementation of a Modern Campus-wide Assessment Resource | Year 1 | 50000 | Active | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2024/2025 | Large TLEF | Dongwook Yoon | Science | Preparing for an Automated Future: Building Automation Resilience in Computer and Data Science Education | Year 1 | 63250 | Active | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2017/2018 | Small TLEF | Theresa Rogers | Graduate Studies | Fostering Excellence in graduate supervision at UBC through dialogue, shared resources and policy initiatives | Year 1 | 15090 | Completed | 2018-TLEF-Final-Rogers-WEB.pdf | | 2018/2019 | Small TLEF | Theresa Rogers | Year 2 | 6635 | | | | | | | |
2016/2017 | Small TLEF | Heidi Tworek | Arts | History Lab: Creating a Digital and Collaborative Approach to Teaching and Research | Year 1 | 19525 | Completed | 2018-TLEF-Final-Tworek-WEB.pdf | | 2018/2019 | Small TLEF | Heidi Tworek | Year 2 | 24111 | | | | | | | |
2016/2017 | Large TLEF | Natasha Boskic | Education | Enhancing Teacher Candidates’ Digital Competencies | Year 1 | 84315 | Completed | 2016-TLEF-LP-Final-Boskic-WEB.pdf | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2015/2016 | Small TLEF | Shayna Rusticus | Medicine | Perceptions of the Medical School Learning Environment in a Distributed Education Program: Identifying the Key Elements of Positive Learning Environments | Year 1 | 16525 | Completed | Final-Report-2015-TLEF-SP-Rusticus-WEB.pdf | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2013/2014 | Large TLEF | George Hoberg | Forestry | Developing Video and Online Modules for Sustainable Forest Policy | Year 1 | 28616 | Completed | Report-2013-FL-Hoberg-WEB.pdf | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2018/2019 | Small TLEF | Daniel Justice | Arts | IN/Relation: Educational Resources for International Students Learning Indigenous Contexts and Histories at UBC | Year 1 | 36171 | Completed | 2019-TLEF-Final-Report-Justice-WEB.pdf | | 2019/2020 | Small TLEF | Daniel Justice | Year 2 | 13829 | | | | | | | |
2014/2015 | Small TLEF | Timothy Cheek | Arts | Webcasting 2.0: Translating, Captioning, and Indexing for Flexible Learning | Year 1 | 9500 | Completed | 14-013-TLEF-Cheek-Cho-Final-WEB.pdf | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2013/2014 | Small TLEF | David Vogt | Education | M101 - UBC's LOOC for Mobile Learning | Year 1 | 56000 | Completed | 13-040-Vogt-Final-WEB.pdf | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2012/2013 | Small TLEF | Jonathan Nakane | Applied Science | UBC Orbit | Year 1 | 18000 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2019/2020 | Small TLEF | Kedrick James | Education | Creating a User-driven Platform and Curriculum for Sharing of Place-based Expression for the UBC Teacher Education Program | Year 1 | 24000 | Completed | 2019-TLEF-Final-James-WEB.pdf | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2011/2012 | Small TLEF | Alec Black | Medicine | How Do We Walk? InterReminders sent to PI Learning Module for Children with Neuromuscular Disorders | Year 1 | 41053 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2010/2011 | Small TLEF | Luke Chen | Medicine | Improving Academic Half Days in UBC Subspecialty Medicine Programs | Year 1 | 5540 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2009/2010 | Small TLEF | Angela Zhang | Arts | Material Affinities: Intersections that Matter | Year 1 | 700 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2008/2009 | Small TLEF | Rhodri Windsor-Liscombe | Arts | Obsolete Concepts: Formative Lingerings (The 27th Annual Art History Graduate Symposium, March 28 and 29, 2008) | Year 1 | 6950 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2006/2007 | Small TLEF | Nancy Gallini | Arts | Expanding the Co-ordinated Arts Program: Phase II | Year 1 | 150000 | Completed | | | 2007/2008 | Small TLEF | Nancy Gallini | Year 2 | 108770 | | | | | | | |
2006/2007 | Small TLEF | Heather Scholefield | Other... | Sustainability Teaching Resources | Year 1 | 35250 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2004/2005 | Small TLEF | Dana Zendrowski | Science | Development of Video Modules Illustrating Organic Chemistry Lab Techniques | Year 1 | 27640 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2002/2003 | Small TLEF | Trish Rosseel | UBC Library | Undergraduate Plagiarism Curriculum Project | Year 1 | 40000 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2001/2002 | Small TLEF | Jo-ann Archibald | First Nations House of Learning | Hands Back, Hands Forward: First Nations New Learning Technologies Project | Year 1 | 25000 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2020/2021 | Small TLEF | Margot Hessing-Lewis | Science | Co-producing Aquatic Science Curriculum Through University-Indigenous Community Partnerships | Year 1 | 24939 | Completed | 2021-TLEF-Final-Report-Hessing-Lewis-WEB.pdf | | 2021/2022 | Small TLEF | Margot Hessing-Lewis | Year 2 | 24955 | | | | | | | |
2000/2001 | Small TLEF | Larry Ho | Other... | AMS Tutoring Service | Year 1 | 20000 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
1999/2000 | Small TLEF | Nicholas Burlinson | Science | 3-D Interactive Chemistry Demo’s for Teaching NMR Concepts | Year 1 | 14170 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2022/2023 | Small TLEF | Sheryda Warrener | Arts | The Provocation Collection: Experiential Learning Activities to Enliven Creative Practice & Inspire Innovations in Writing | Year 1 | 12886 | Active | | | 2023/2024 | Small TLEF | Sheryda Warrener | Year 2 | 13185 | | | | | | | |
2023/2024 | Small TLEF | Douglas Pulleyblank | Arts | Audible phonology | Year 1 | 5674 | Active | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2024/2025 | Small TLEF | Jolanta Aleksejuniene | Dentistry | Decision Making and Critical Thinking in the Undergraduate Dental Curricula | Year 1 | 40761 | Active | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2017/2018 | Small TLEF | Jonathan Verrett | Applied Science | Open ChemE: Increasing authentic student learning through open educational resources | Year 1 | 27977 | Completed | 2017-TLEF-Final-Verrett-WEB.pdf | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2016/2017 | Small TLEF | Amanda Bradley | Medicine | Improving professional writing, reflection, critical analysis and feedback skills using tools that allow students to learn from their peers’ work and allows for prompt peer feedback | Year 1 | 9836 | Completed | 2017-TLEF-SP-Final-Bradley-WEB.pdf | | 2017/2018 | Small TLEF | Amanda Bradley | Year 2 | 12800 | | | | | | | |
2016/2017 | Small TLEF | Dawn Cooper | Medicine | Medical Undergraduate Research Forum: Promoting Scholarship Development in Medical Students through Experiential Learning | Year 1 | 6880 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2014/2015 | Large TLEF | Fred Cutler | Arts | Writer's Bloc: An Online, Real-Time Communal Writing Platform for Enhancing Writing Pedagogies | Year 1 | 9507 | Completed | | | 2015/2016 | Large TLEF | Fred Cutler | Year 2 | 24942 | | | | | | | |
2014/2015 | Large TLEF | Erin Fields | UBC Library | Collaborative Piloting of Badge-Based Learning Pathways | Year 1 | 146400 | Completed | | | 2015/2016 | Large TLEF | Erin Fields | Year 2 | 87047 | | | | | | | |
2013/2014 | Large TLEF | Paul Cubbon | Sauder School of Business | Flexible Learning Platform for Entrepreneurship | Year 1 | 79968 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2018/2019 | Small TLEF | Sandra Brown | Land & Food Systems | Catalysts: learning modules addressing content and language gaps | Year 1 | 22250 | Completed | 2019-TLEF-Final-Report-Brown-WEB.pdf | | 2019/2020 | Small TLEF | Sandra Brown | Year 2 | 2250 | | | | | | | |
2013/2014 | Small TLEF | Peter Loewen | Pharmaceutical Sciences | Enhancing Student Learning and Expanding Institutional Experiential Clerkship Opportunities across UBC's Pharmacy Programs | Year 1 | 96550 | Completed | 14-087-Loewen-Final-WEB.pdf | | 2014/2015 | Small TLEF | Peter Loewen | Year 2 | 140936 | | | | | | | |
2013/2014 | Small TLEF | Marion Pearson | Pharmaceutical Sciences | Bridging the Gap from the Classroom to the Institutional Practice Site - A Transition Module for Pharmacy Students | Year 1 | 59500 | Completed | 13-082-Pearson-Final-WEB.pdf | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2012/2013 | Small TLEF | Gary Poole | Medicine | Thinking About Learning: Enhancing Self-Directed Learning Opportunities via Effective Reflection | Year 1 | 8675 | Completed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |